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HYDROGEN, OXYGEN, AND WATER
One of the reasons so much attention is devoted to hydrogen and oxygen is that these two elements form binary compounds with almost every other element. Hydrogen and oxygen react with each other to form water, a simple molecule whose unusual properties are necessary for the development and maintenance of life.
Hydrogen is the most abundant element in our vast universe. Fifteen per cent of the atoms on the Earth's crust are hydrogen. However, because the atomic mass of hydrogen is small, its contribution to the total mass of the Earth's crust is slight less than 1%. Since the mass of the stable elemental form of hydrogen is so small, all the hydrogen gas in the Earth's atmosphere either escaped the Earth's gravitational pull or was chemically combined during the early development of our planet. Almost all the hydrogen present on Earth today is present as compounds - water, petroleum and natural gas, and the organic substances.
All living organisms require hydrogen-containing molecules. Life would not be possible if it were not for the special properties of these molecules.
Most commercial hydrogen production results from the steam cracking of natural gas and catalytic reforming reaction. It can also be prepared by the reaction of steam with hot coke, which gives a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, called water gas; also by the reaction of steam with iron. Hydrogen is also prepared on a large scale by electrolysis of water and as a by-product in other industrial processes. In the laboratory hydrogen is prepared by the reaction of water or acids with active metals such as sodium and zinc.
Hydrogen gas is a colourless, odourless and highly combustible substance. Because the bond-dissociation energy of H2 is 434 kJ/mol, reactions of hydrogen tend to have large activation energies and are often slow, even if the reaction is exothermic.
Hydrogen is a moderate reducing agent toward aqueous solutions and can reduce the oxides of moderately active metals at high temperature. It oxidizes very active metals to form ionic compounds containing hydrogen ions, H".
The three isotopes of hydrogen are protium (1H), deuterium (2H or D), and tritium (3H or T). Protium is by far the most abundant isotope.
Tritium is radioactive and decays to 3He by 3-particles emission.
Compounds containing deuterium in place
One of the reasons so much attention is devoted to hydrogen and oxygen is that these two elements form binary compounds with almost every other element. Hydrogen and oxygen react with each other to form water, a simple molecule whose unusual properties are necessary for the development and maintenance of life.
Hydrogen is the most abundant element in our vast universe. Fifteen per cent of the atoms on the Earth's crust are hydrogen. However, because the atomic mass of hydrogen is small, its contribution to the total mass of the Earth's crust is slight less than 1%. Since the mass of the stable elemental form of hydrogen is so small, all the hydrogen gas in the Earth's atmosphere either escaped the Earth's gravitational pull or was chemically combined during the early development of our planet. Almost all the hydrogen present on Earth today is present as compounds - water, petroleum and natural gas, and the organic substances.
All living organisms require hydrogen-containing molecules. Life would not be possible if it were not for the special properties of these molecules.
Most commercial hydrogen production results from the steam cracking of natural gas and catalytic reforming reaction. It can also be prepared by the reaction of steam with hot coke, which gives a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, called water gas; also by the reaction of steam with iron. Hydrogen is also prepared on a large scale by electrolysis of water and as a by-product in other industrial processes. In the laboratory hydrogen is prepared by the reaction of water or acids with active metals such as sodium and zinc.
Hydrogen gas is a colourless, odourless and highly combustible substance. Because the bond-dissociation energy of H2 is 434 kJ/mol, reactions of hydrogen tend to have large activation energies and are often slow, even if the reaction is exothermic.
Hydrogen is a moderate reducing agent toward aqueous solutions and can reduce the oxides of moderately active metals at high temperature. It oxidizes very active metals to form ionic compounds containing hydrogen ions, H".
The three isotopes of hydrogen are protium (1H), deuterium (2H or D), and tritium (3H or T). Protium is by far the most abundant isotope.
Tritium is radioactive and decays to 3He by 3-particles emission.
Compounds containing deuterium in place
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